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ClickHouse Stores a TTL as Two Timestamps Per Part: Expired Rows Vanish at Merge Time

Oct 18, 2026 17 min read Jay Hubbert

ClickHouse stores a per-part TTL expiry bound and removes expired rows during a merge, using a bit mask rather than a rewrite.

ClickhouseInternalsMergetreeTtlPerformance

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ClickHouse Attaches Row Policies to the Table Read: Permissive OR, Restrictive AND

Oct 18, 2026 20 min read Jay Hubbert

ClickHouse mixes row policies into one boolean expression and injects it into the query plan as a filter on the table read.

ClickhouseInternalsSecurityRow policiesQuery planner

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ClickHouse Splits Session State from Query State: SET and SETTINGS Land in Different Contexts

Oct 18, 2026 18 min read Jay Hubbert

ClickHouse splits session state from per-query state, and gates every setting change through a constraint checker.

ClickhouseInternalsContextSettingsSecurity

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ClickHouse Resolves an INSERT Into a Sample Block: The Client's Column Order Wins

Oct 18, 2026 17 min read Jay Hubbert

ClickHouse resolves an INSERT’s columns by name into a sample block, then squashes, dedup-stamps and fans the data out to the sinks.

ClickhouseInternalsInsertSchemaPipeline

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ClickHouse's numbers() Is a Generator, Not a Table: One Iota-Filled Block at a Time

Oct 18, 2026 13 min read Jay Hubbert

numbers() is a generator that iota-fills one column per block and keeps only a counter in memory.

ClickhouseInternalsPerformanceTable functions

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