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A descriptor is a type with tp_descr_get (and maybe tp_descr_set). Having a setter is what makes it a data descriptor — and that single bit decides who wins an attribute lookup.
CPython’s dict is a hash table with a twist: compact and insertion-ordered since 3.6, and able to share a single keys object across thousands of instances.
There’s exactly one Ellipsis, and it’s immortal: a static struct initialized with a refcount of 3«30 so that no increment or decrement can ever bring it to zero.
enumerate, zip and reversed don’t build lists: they’re lazy C iterators that reuse one result tuple and mutate it in place, so a for loop over them allocates almost nothing.
Exceptions are ordinary GC-tracked objects with a shared PyException_HEAD prefix, plus a linked list of traceback frames and two chaining slots for context and cause.